Former Housing Trusts: Traditionally, wealthy Jews have donated and bequeathed money for the social welfare of the Jewish community. Housing trusts were founded to accommodate poor and old people. This was done from a social commitment but also because the City of Hamburg provided very few social services for its Jewish citizens. From 1838 to 1930 there were over 30 such housing trusts founded in Hamburg and Altona. That was almost a third of all such trusts during this time. Some only admitted orthodox or liberal Jews, but the majority were open to individuals irrespective of religious belief. Needy individuals were admitted to these housing trusts rent free or for a minimal rent, with the proviso that they were able to carry the other costs of living themselves. The Vaterstädtische Stiftung was exceptionally significant. Before the Second World War it maintained eleven housing trusts and today it continues to maintain many housing trusts open to individuals irrespective of their religious belief. The Nazis expropriated the majority of Jewish housing trusts to accommodate "Aryan" citizens. Jews were also turned out of housing trusts inhabited by individuals of different religious belief. During the Second World War the remaining Jwish housing trusts were expropriated and used by the Nazis as "Judenhäuser" ("Jewish Buildings"), where "Jews" were assembled before being deported East, to ghettos, concentration camps and extermination camps. They were forced to live under the most cramped conditions before being deported. During the war many of the housing trusts were destroyed in air-raids. After the war some of those remaining were given to the Vaterstädtische Stiftung, and others became normal residential buildings. Former "Stiftung zum Andenken an die bürgerliche Gleichstellung der Israeliten" (Housing Trust to commemorate the emancipation of the Jews), No. 43 Eichholz. Former Marcus-Nordheim-Stift and Lazarus-Gumpel-Stift, former "Judenhäuser" (Housing Trusts, and "Jewish Buildings"), Nos. 39 and 41 Großneumarkt. Former Hertz-Joseph-Levy-Stift, former "Judenhäuse" (Housing Trust, and "Jewish Building"), Nos. 54, 55, 56, 57 Großneumarkt. Former Samuel Lewisohn-Stiftung (Samuel Lewisohn Housing Trust), No. 32 Kleiner Schäferkamp. Former Z.H. May und Frau-Stiftung (Z.H. May and Frau Housing Trust), Nos. 25 and 27 Bogenstraße. Former Oppenheimer Stiftung (Oppenheimer Housing Trust), Nos. 22 and 24 Kielortallee. Former Altenhaus (Old People's Home), No. 23. Sedanstraße. Former John R. Warburg-Stiftung (John R. Warburg Housing Trust), No. 43 Bundesstraße. Former Samuel Levy-Stiftung (Samuel Levy Housing Trust), No. 35 Bundesstraße. Former Louis Levy-Stift (Louis Levy Housing Trust), No. 1 Durchschnitt. Former Kalker-Stiftung, No. 25 a Rutschbahn. Former Zacharias and Ranette Hess, and Mathilde and Simon Hesse Stiftung, No. 15 Dillstraße. Former Louis Levy-Stift (Louis Levy Housing Trust), No. 22 Bornstraße. Chronological Table of Jewish Trusts in Hamburg: 1. Lazarus Gumpel-Stift 1838 Schlachterstraße 46/48 The businessman Lazarus Gumpel 2. Eichholz 1851 Eichholz 43 Vaterstädtische Stiftung 3. Hertz Joseph Levy-Stift 1854 Großneumarkt 54/56 The businessman Hertz Joseph Levy 4. J. E. Oppenheim-Stiftung 1854 Schauenburger Straße 21, from 1909 Frickestraße 26 The businessman Julius Ernst Oppenheim From 1905 administered by the Vaterstädtische Stiftung 5. Heine-Asyl 1866 Jungfernstieg, from 1902 Holstenwall 18 Therese Halle, nee Heine 6. Oppenheimer's Stift 1868 Krayenkamp 16/18, from 1908 Kielortallee 22/24 The businessman Hirsch Behrend Oppenheimer 7. Benjamin Leja-Stift 1869 Große Bergstraße 205 a-c, Große Gärtnerstraße 120/128 (Altona) The optician Benjamin Leja 8. Minkel Salomon David Kalker-Stift 1878 Schaarmarkt 28/29, from 1904 Rutschbahn 25 a Salomon David Kalker 9. Grabenstraße 1878 Grabenstraße 30/31 Vaterstädtische Stiftung 10. Marcus Nordheim-Stift 1882 Schlachterstraße 40/42 The businessman Marcus Nordheim 11. Baustraße 1886 Baustraße 33 Vaterstädtische Stiftung 12. Warburg-Stift 1888 Bundesstraße 43 The businessman J. R. Warburg 13. Samuel Lewisohn-Stift 1890 Kleiner Schäferkamp 32 The businessmen and bankers Adolph, Albert, Leonhard and Philipp Lewisohn 14. Samuel Levy-Stift 1896 Bundesstraße 35 The banker Samuel Levy 15. Martin Brunn-Stift 1897 Frickestraße 24 The businessman Martin Brunn From 1905 administered by the Vaterstädtische Stiftung 16. Martin and Clara Heimann-Stift 1899 Breitenfelder Straße 33, Löwenstraße 77, Martinistraße 83 The married couple Martin and Clara Heimann 17. Otto Rautenberg-Stift 1899 Tornquiststraße 19 b Vaterstädtische Stiftung 18. Lazarus Samson Cohn Eheleute and Levy Hertz Eheleute-Stift 1900 Neuer Steinweg 77/78 The married couples Cohn and Levy 19. Louis Levy-Stift 1900 Bornstraße 22, Durchschnitt 1 and 8 The businessman Louis Levy 20. Salomon Joseph and Marianne Hertz-Stiftung 1901 Sonninstraße 14/16 (Altona) The financially independent Salomon Hertz 21. Nanny Jonas-Stift 1902 Agathenstraße 3 Nanny Jonas 22. Zacharius and Nanette Hesse and Mathilde and Simon Hesse-Stift 1903 Dillstraße 15 The married couples Hesse and Hesse 23. Betty-Stift 1905 Philosophenweg 29 (Altona) The banker Pius Warburg 24. Mendelson-Israel Stift 1912 Kurzer Kamp 6 Theodor Mendelson, Dr. Philipp Israel From 1942 administered by the Vaterstädtische Stiftung 25. Gustav Kaemmerer-Stift 1906 Schedestraße 2 Vaterstädtische Stiftung 26. Alfred Beit-Stift 1909 Schedestraße 4 Laura Beit and her son Otto Administered by the Vaterstädtische Stiftung 27. Julius and Betty Rée-Stift 1909 Schedestraße 23 (-43) Betty Rée, nee Calvary 28. Rosenthal-Altenhaus 1909 Kielortallee 23 The businessman S. (Semmy) S. (Schaia) Rosenthal Administered by the Vaterstädtische Stiftung 29. Z. H. May and Frau-Stift 1913 Bogenstraße 25/27, Hallerstraße 25 The businessman Emil May and his wife Minna, nee Ruben 30. Max and Mathilde Bauer-Stift 1927 Kielortallee 25 The businessman Max Bauer and his wife Mathilde, nee Nordheim Administered by the Vaterstädtische Stiftung 31. Theodor Wohlwill-Stift 1930 Kielortallee 26 Vaterstädtische Stiftung Literature: Angela Schwarz: Jüdische Wohnstifte in Hamburg 1933 -1945, in Arno Herzig (ed.), Die Juden in Hamburg 1590 bis 1990, (Hamburg 1991). Angela Schwarz: Von den Wohnstiften zu den "Judenhäusern", in Angelika Ebbinghaus and Karsten Linne (eds.), Kein abgeschlossenes Kapital: Hamburg im "Dritten Reich", (Hamburg 1997).