Synagogues: Synagoge der Israelitsche Tempelverein (Synagogue of the Israelite Temple Association), to the rear of Nos. 12 and 13 Poolstraße. The Temple Movement: The New Israelite Temple Society was founded in 1817 following prior unsuccessful attempts made in the Netherlands, Westphalia and Berlin. The majority of members were prosperous former members of the German-Israelite Community, who in almost all other aspects had already assimilated to the christian world around them. They additionally sought to make reforms within the religious sphere and saw through this the possibility of emancipation (equal rights for Jews). Administratively the society remained within the German-Israelite Community. The word emancipation was, in Germany after 1831, applied to equal rights for Jews. Article 16 of the Basic Rights of the Frankfurt Federal Assembly in which Jews were assured equal civic and civil status came into effect on 23.02.1848. Although this applied to Hamburg it was not until the new Hamburg constitution of 1860 and two further laws passed in 1864 that the emancipation of Hamburg Jews acquired a legal status. One of the pioneers of the Temple movement was Israel Jacobson (1768-1828). In 1810 he named his synagogue in Seesen, in Niedersaxon, "Temple" and adopted the Christian form of worship i.e. with confirmation, the sermon in German, the playing of the organ, and choral music. The foundation of the Temple movement was not a splitting away from Judaism or the attempt to create a separate sect but an attempt to attune more to the modern world, and by so doing to secure the basis of Judaism, in its teaching and history, for future generations. Many educated Jews had already been lost to the community. The name "Temple" was chosen to avoid conflict with the board of the traditional synagogue. The religious service of the Hamburg Temple was disseminated at the 1820 Leipzig Fair where Jewish businessmen from Germany, many other European countries, and from the USA met and discussed the new ritual. As a consequence, the Reform community, including New York and Baltimore, adopted the Hamburg Temple's new prayer book, which was read from front to back, as in the christian world. Today Reform Judaism, with its origins in the Hamburg Temple, has alone in the USA circa 2 million members. The Temple in the former Brunnenstraße: Dr. Eduard Kley together with Dr. Gotthold Salomon were the first spiritual leaders of the Hamburg Temple in 1818. The first members included Meyer Israel Bresselau, Lazarus Gumpel and Ruben Daniel Warburg. Later members included Salomon Heine and Dr. Gabriel Riesser, who was chairman of the Temple Association from 1840-43. The movement was not only strongly attacked by the orthodoxy for being irreligious and freethinking but was critised from within the Reform movement itself. Directly after the publication of the new prayer book in 1818 the dayanin of the Bethdin of the orthodox German-Israelite Community posted a ban on the use of the book in the synagogue in Elbstraße. This and a collection of written criticisms was ineffective. When in 1841 the new edition of the prayer book was published its use was also banned. The influence of the Temple movement was not restricted to the liberal community; one of the lasting effects has been the introduction of the sermon in German, also within the orthodox community. The first Temple in Bunnenstraße: Today nothing remains of the former first Temple. In addition "Bunnenstraße" no longer exists.